I have blogged about aerial wildland firefighting since 2009. I am not a firefighter and am not a pilot, just an interested bystander who wants to learn more and share what I learn here. Join me here as I blog on the aircraft and the pilots who fight wildland fires from the air in support of crews on the ground. I also blog on concerns affecting fire crews on the ground as well as other aviation and meteorology issues. Learn what it takes to do jobs that are staffed by the best of the best.
Friday, April 10, 2026
Don't Fly Drones Near Wildfires
Wednesday, December 17, 2025
Wildfires: 10 Standard Orders & 18 Watch Out Situations
Ten Standard Fire Fighting Orders
Direct link to March 2019 video from the National Wildfire Coordinating Group on YouTube
Eighteen Watch Out Situations
Direct link to March 2019 video from the National Wildfire Coordinating Group on YouTube
Wednesday, November 05, 2025
Drone Safety Near Fire Zones
Direct link to August 2025 video from the National Interagency Fire Center
There are lot of good and safe uses for drones, and the FAA has regulations for flying drones including when drone owners must register their drones, for more information see this FAA website on unmanned aircraft systems (aka drones). In addition the Forest Service under the USDA has a nice webpage on the safe recreational use of drones that may be found here, one of their bullet points focuses on operations near wildfires: "Never fly your UAS over or in close proximity to any fire operation (wildfire or prescribed). UAS flights over fire operations disrupt aerial firefighting operations and create hazardous situations." I have nothing against drones, I have seen good drone footage and am aware that agencies and the media and individuals safely operate drones and follow FAA regulations in their drone operationms
The FAA has a pdf file that they call "Drones & Wildfires Digital Toolkit", they talk about flight restrictions that are often in place over wildfires, penalties for illegally flying drones near wildfires and how to report illegal drone activity near a wildfire. They also refer to how first responders can get approval to fly drones near a wildfire. They include a paragraph on why it is dangerous to fly drones near wildfires:
The US Forest Service states:
Firefighting aircraft fly at very low altitudes, typically just a couple of hundred feet above the ground, the same altitude as drones flown by members of the public and others. This creates the potential for a mid-air collision or pilot distraction that could result in a serious or fatal accident. In addition, an unauthorized UAS that loses its communication link could fall from the sky, causing serious injuries or deaths of firefighters or members of the public on the ground. Unauthorized UAS flights could lead fire managers to suspend aerial wildfire suppression operations – such as airtankers dropping fire retardant and helicopters dropping water – until the UAS has left the airspace and they are confident it won’t return.
Please fly your drone safely and legally and please stay away from the airspace over wildfires.
Wednesday, August 23, 2023
Firefighting Helicopter near miss with a drone in Texas
Direct link to video from KBTX News on YouTube
This story from KBTX News illustrates the dangers in flying drones in fire zones. Last Friday a helicopter was flying a small fire in Caldwell County Texas when a drone came within several feet of colliding with the helicopter. The helicopter pilot had no way of knowing that the drone was near by. Please, no drones in fire zones. Thanks to Mike Archer from Wildfire News of the Day for pointing me to this article in his August 23 Wildfire News of the Day e-mail (go here for more information and to subscribe).
Updated on August 25th: I only just saw a very good article by Kelly Anderson of Fire Aviation written on August 23rd titled 'PLEASE ground your drone, PLEASE'. He writes about the near miss of a drone and helicopter in Caldwell County Texas and about the importance of grounding drones over a wildfire.
Wednesday, June 29, 2022
Air tanker training (Oregon) with groundcrews
Training of airtanker pilots and new wildfire fighters along with recurrent training is crucial to safety and good fire fighting techniques. Communications are crucial wildland firefighting including but nor not necessarily limited to safety, weather, resource positioning and firefighting strategy to name a few. When airtankers and or helicopters of any size are working a wildline fire communications between the tanker and the firefighters on the ground is important. In the video below from KOIN6 in Oregon you will get a birdseye view of Air Tractor Fire Boss training with wildland fire ground crews to practice good communications on the fireline. Thanks to my friends at NJFFS Section B10 who recently shared this video on their website.
Monday, June 13, 2022
wildland fire fighting: 10 standard orders and 18 watchout situations
According to the National Wildfire Coordinating Group the 10 Standard Firefighting Orders and the 18 Watchout Situations
provide wildland firefighters with a set of consistent best practices and a series of situations to be mindful of when responding to a wildland fire.
The 10 Standard Firefighting Orders are organized in a deliberate and sequential way to be implemented systematically and applied to all fire situations.
The 18 Watch Out Situations are more specific and cautionary, describing situations that expand the 10 Standard Firefighting Orders with the intent that if firefighters follow the Standard Firefighting Orders and are alerted to the 18 Watch Out Situations, much of the risk of firefighting can be reduced. (obtained on June 13, 2022 from The 10 Standard Firefighting Orders, PMS 110 from the Wildfire Coordinating Group
Please take a few moments to watch these two videos that discuss the the 10 Standard Firefighting Orders and the 18 Watchout Situations. I like to share these every so often and I think it has been awhile since I have done so.
Direct link to video from the National Wildfire Coordinating Group (10 Standard Orders) on Youtube
Monday, September 20, 2021
reflections on wildland firefighting
If you have read the about me page of my blog then you know that I am not nor have I ever been a wildland firefighter or any other kind of firefighter, nor am I licensed pilot. However, my interest in wildland firefighting whether it be on the ground or in the air is genuine. I am aware of the dangers involved in wildland firefighting on the ground and in the air. There is a reason why the wildland firefighters on the ground (aka groundpounders) where protective equipment, are trained in how to be safe, and carry and are trained in when and how to deploy fire shelters. There is also the importance of exercising safety precautions when using chain saws, and having an escape route. In spite of all that, accidents happen. Firefighters are injured and sometimes killed.
In thinking about the dangers faced by groundpounders, I don't know about you, but I sometimes watch fire footage. Footage included structures burned, while depressing, shows the reality of what groundpounders assigned to some wildfires face. Whole towns can and have come close to being wiped out. Then there is the footage of close calls faced by ground pounders in engines or residents escaping a wildfire down a road with the raging fire on both sides, at times coming across the road. I am sure that many of you have seen such footage. I am not interested in that footage today.
I am interested in raw wildfire footage, that is not too long, showing ground pounders with air support going about the business of fighting a wildfire and hopefully staying safe from the danger that surrounds them. I found some raw wildfire footage from KPIX CBS in San Francisco shot in July of this year of the River Fire that was then burning in Yosemite National Forest. The River Fire ultimately burned 9,656 acres and destroyed at 12 homes, see this article from the Visalia Times for more information. To the best of my knowledge, no firefighters were injured or killed on this fires, nor were any civilians injured or killed. The cause of the fire was under investigation
So I watched just under four minutes of footage of ground pounders working this fire a day or so after it was first reported. The lens of the camera allowed me to watch as an observer from the safety of my study. I get an extremely small taste of what it is like to watch ground pounders in action. But it is the best that I can do.
I have oodles of respect for all ground pounders and for the pilots and crews working the fire from the air to support the ground pounders. Thank-you ground pounders for all that you do in your efforts to keep us safe from wildfires. Sometimes you can not save our homes, that has to be hard. Sometimes you have to escape a dangerous situation to stay safe. And sometimes you mourn when ground pounders working the same fire die. I hope that my respect for you comes across in this post. There are times like this when I feel like my words are wholly inadequate, but my feelings and concern are genuine. In my own way, I pray daily for all of you.
Monday, March 08, 2021
wildland firefighters: work capacity tests
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| The Interagency Standards for Fire and Fire Aviation Operations (aka the Red Book), Chapter 13, p. 290) |
Monday, February 22, 2021
Wildland firefighters: a look at one firefighter's "line pack"
I was shared a video on February 17th about what one engine crew carried in 2014 when his engine was deployed to work a fire. I got curious about what a wildland firefighter on a hand crew (with possibly longer deployments) might carry. While I am not wildland firefighter, I know enough to know that there are certain gear that most wildland firefighters on a hand crew will carry in the pack they take with them on the line(water, first aid kit, extra batteries, fire shelter to name a few). I believe that this pack is called a "line pack." Of course, each crew is responsible for taking items that they will need on the line such as prescription medications, vitamins and supplements, personal hygiene items, snacks, etc.
I want to be clear, I am curious and am taking you along on my journey. Nothing more, nothing less. I have watched a few videos, each is different. I chose this one to share because it is short and to the point. This is what one wildland firefighter from the Bureau of Land Management in the Pacific Northwest put in his line pack in 2013.
Wednesday, February 17, 2021
Wildland firefighters: PPE for an engine crew
Knowing that in many parts of the United States crews are starting to do their annual refresher training, I thought that I'd spend sometime (with the help of videos) looking at the gear they carry, a little about their annual refresher training, and other safety concerns.
I spent some time looking at some videos about the gear that wildland firefighters carry and I liked this two part video (2014) by WranglerStar about the gear he carried while driving an engine. I liked this because he explained the reasoning behind the gear, and he is easy to listen to. Allow about ten minutes minutes for each video. It is a little long, but the time passed quickly and I learned.
Direct link to video (part 1) by WranglerStar
Direct link to video (part 2) by WranglerStar
Monday, July 15, 2019
wildland firefighter safety: weather
Today's video is called Weather and Wind Warnings. In the video, you will hear Heath Hockenberry, National Fire Weather Program Leader, discuss weather and wind warnings and how to stay weather aware. While perhaps aimed at wildland firefighters, I think that anyone interested in wildland firefighting and how wildland firefighters stay safe will enjoy this video. And any weather geeks, like me, will also enjoy the video. In addition to discussing weather and wind warnings, Heath refers to Incident Meteorologists (IMETs) when these specially training National Weather Service Meteorologists are deployed to wildfires. I learned how wildland firefighters stay weather aware whether or not an IMET is deployed to their fire.
If a wildfire does not have an IMET deployed to their wildfire, incident commanders, supervisors and and others will be in touch with the local National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office for forecasts and as appropriate spot forecasts specific to the area where the wildfire is. The forecasts will be relayed to wildland firefighters in assembled briefings and/or over the radio.
After I saw Heath's video on weather and wind warnings, I wrote my friends at the IMET Office telling them what I was doing and asking Heath the following question:
Random Ramblings: Heath, what is one thing that you would like my readers to take away from this video?
Heath: I would say one of the key items found in the video is the section on personal responsibility. Your meteorologist's forecast can take you 90% of the way in understanding the type of conditions you can expect on a fire line. The last 10% of the way consists of watching for cumulus buildups, or watching the tops of the trees, or being aware of subtle changes in wind speeds and/or directions. Weather in complex terrain is highly variable and your IMET is there to provide the fire environment foundation. The actual experience of the weather rests upon that foundation, and personal situational assessment is key to minimize fire fighting dangers related to weather.
Allow just under thirteen minutes to watch the video. I don't know about, you I watched the video a couple of times.
Direct link to Weather and Wind Warnings from Youtube
I am still thinking about and doing background research for other articles in this series on wildland firefighter safety. Stay tuned.
Friday, July 05, 2019
wildland firefighter safety: synopsis and what is coming up
June 12, 2019. 2019 wildfire seasons: reflections on being safe
June 14, 2019. wildland firefighter safety: 10 standard fire orders
June 17, 2019. wildland firefighter safety: 18 situations that shout watch out
June 21, 2019. wildland firefighter safety L.C.E.S.
June 24, 2019. wildland firefighter safety: personal protective equipment
June 26, 2019. wildland firefighter safety: fire shelters
June 28, 2019. wildland firefighter safety: training
I do plan to write additional articles about wildland firefighter safety, both on the ground and in the air. I am working on an article about weather that I hope to post in a week or so. As some of my long-time readers know, I have written about the safety of air operations over wildfires. Yes, I have written several articles about the danger that unmanned aircraft systems (aka drones) pose to aerial operations over wildfires (and to airports). But there are other aspects of aviation safety over wildfires that I have written about in the past and want to revisit, and possibly update including but not limited to: checklists, emergency retardant drops. temporary flight restrictions, winds, and smoke. At the very least, I want to spend some time reviewing the articles that I have written in the past before posting a link to those articles.
Friday, June 28, 2019
wildland firefighter safety: training
Among other subjects, the course covered classes on safety, personal protective equipment, medical, mutual respect, fire behavior, weather impacts on fire, safety equipment usage, firefighting equipment usage, wildland urban interface concerns, hazardous materials awareness, transportation safety, communications, map reading and fire investigations. Training culminated with a live fire exercise where students demonstrated their proficiency by combatting a prescribed fire initiated in a controlled environment by school cadre.
Wednesday, June 26, 2019
wildland firefighter safety: fire shelters
Monday, June 24, 2019
Wildland firefighter safety: personal protective equipment
I wanted to provide a list in this article of what PPE is, While I understand that there may be some variation within the United States and Internationally, I believe that this list will give you an idea of what PPE is. This comes from the 2019 edition of the Red Book: Interagency Standards for fire and Aviation Operations, Chapter 7 on Safety and Risk Management, pages 169-70, accessed from The National Interagency Fire Center on June 24, 2019.
Wildland Fire Field AttirePolyester, polypropylene, and nylon materials are not to be worn, because most synthetic fibers melt when exposed to flame or extreme radiant heat. Personnel should wear only undergarments made of 100 percent or the highest possiblecontent of natural fibers, aramid, or other flame-resistant materials.
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) All personnel are required to use personal protective equipment (PPE) appropriate for their duties and/or as identified in JHAs/RAs. Employees must be trained to use safety equipment effectively.
Flame resistant clothing should be cleaned or replaced whenever soiled,especially when soiled with petroleum products. Flame resistant clothing will be replaced when the fabric is so worn as to reduce the protection capability of the garment or is so faded as to significantly reduce the desired visibility qualities.
Required Fireline PPE•Wildland fire boots5
•Fire shelter (M-2002)
•Helmet with chinstrap
•Goggles/safety glasses (as identified by JHAs/RAs) •Ear plugs/hearing protection
•National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) 1977 compliant long-sleeved flame resistant shirt (yellow recommended)
•NFPA 1977 compliant flame resistant trousers
•Leather or leather/flame resistant combination gloves. Flame resistant flight gloves or NFPA 1977 compliant Driving Gloves can be used by heavy equipment operators, drivers and fireline supervisors when not using fireline hand tools.
•Additional PPE as identified by local conditions, Safety Data Sheet (SDS), or JHA/RA18 ○FS – Shirt, trousers, and gloves used by USFS personnel must meet Forest Service specification 5100-91 (shirt), 5100-92 (trousers), 6170-20 5 (gloves), or be NFPA 1977 compliant.
Wildland Fire Boot StandardPersonnel assigned to wildland fires must wear a minimum of 8-inch high, lace-type exterior leather work boots with lug melt-resistant soles. The 8-inch height requirement is measured from the bottom of the boot’s heel to the top of the 25 boot. Alaska is exempt from the lug sole requirement. All boots that meet the wildland fire boot standard as described above are required for firefighting and fireline visits, considered non-specialized PPE, and will be purchased by the employee (including AD/EFF) prior to employment. The agencies have authorized payment of a boot stipend. See agency specific guidance for implementation.
I am including a link to a webpage from Minnesota DNR on PPE because they add some things not included in the Red Book such as wearing all cotton garments under the shirt and pants, the types of socks to wear and wearing a flame resistant brush jacket. And they have a cool picture of a wildland firefighter.
Updated on December 20, 2020: The video that I linked to in the original article is no longer available.
Friday, June 21, 2019
Wildland firefighter safety: L.C.E.S.
I continue with wildland firefighter safety with L.C.E.S.
Lookouts
Communications
Escape Routes
Safety Zones
According to the video you will see below, L.C.E.S. does not replace the 10 Standard Fire Orders and the 18 Situations that Shout Watchout (aka the 10 and 18). Rather L.C.E.S helps to reinforce and focus on important aspects of wildland firefighter safety.
Direct link to video from the National Wildfire Coordinating Group
I will be writing more about wildland firefighter safety in the coming days. I am still developing the rest of the articles in this series, please stay tuned. Also, the timing of the remaining articles in this series will depend on what else is going on as we move into the summer wildfire season.
Monday, June 17, 2019
Wildland firefighter safety: 18 Situations that Shout Watch Out
These 18 situations are more specific and cautionary than the Standard Firefighting Orders. If firefighters follow the 10 Standard Firefighting Orders and are alerted to the 18 Watch-Out Situations, much of the risk of firefighting can be reduced.
The 18 Situations that Shout Watch Out are:
1. Fire not scouted and sized up.
2. In country not seen in daylight.
3. Safety zones and escape routes not identified.
4. Unfamiliar with weather and local factors influencing fire behavior.
5. Uninformed on strategy, tactics, and hazards.
6. Instructions and assignments not clear.
7. No communication link with crew members or supervisor.
8. Constructing line without safe anchor point.
9. Building fireline downhill with fire below.
10. Attempting frontal assault on fire.
11. Unburned fuel between you and fire.
12. Cannot see main fire; not in contact with someone who can.
13. On a hillside where rolling material can ignite fuel below.
14. Weather becoming hotter and drier.
15. Wind increases and/or changes direction.
16. Getting frequent spot fires across line.
17. Terrain and fuels make escape to safety zones difficult.
18. Taking a nap near fireline.
Here is a short video about the 18 Situations that Shout Watch Out from the National Wildfire Coordination Group, Wildfire Safety Training Annual Refresher. It is just over six minutes.
Direct link to video
Friday, June 14, 2019
wildland firefighter safety: 10 standard fire orders
10 Standard Fire Orders
These fire orders are grouped as follows: fire behavior, fireline safety, and organizational control. The National Wildfire Coordinating Agency has a nice short webpage listing the 10 Standard Fire Orders. The 10 Standard Fire Orders are:
Fire Behavior
1. Keep informed of fire weather conditions and forecasts.
2. Know what the fire is doing at all times.
3. Base all actions on current and expected behavior of the fire.
Fireline Safety
4. Identify escape routes and safety zones and make them known.
5. Post lookouts when there is possible danger.
6. Be alert. Keep calm. Think clearly. Act decisively.
Organizational Control
7. Maintain prompt communications with your forces, your supervisor, and adjoining forces.
8. Give clear instructions and be sure they are understood.
9. Maintain control of your forces at all times.
If 1-9 are considered, then...
10. Fight fire aggressively, having provided for safety first.
Here is a short video from the National Wildfire Coordinating Group, Wildfire Safety Training and Annual Refresher (WFSTAR) it is under five minutes.
Direct link to video from National Wildfire Coordinating Group
Friday, February 22, 2019
Lightning safety for wildland firefighters
Friday, June 09, 2017
About Rhabdomyolysis and Wildland Firefighters
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| obtained on June 2, 2017 from the Wildland Fire Lessons Learned Center |
Direct link to video by Wildland Fire LLC (about 21 minutes)

